aguulp for biome – Probiotic Strains Explained

1 year ago Gut

What are probiotics?

Probiotics are friendly ‘live’ bacteria and yeasts that provide health benefits.

They help to control the growth and levels of harmful and pathogenic bacteria, predominantly in the digestive system, helping to prevent infections and infestations of harmful bacteria and pathogens.

Read more about our probiotic strains here.

What strains are in our probiotic, and why?

aguulp for biome contains 10 different strains of live bacteria (5 billion of each) which have been chosen for their specific role in helping to improve gut health & function. Below are all 10, and the benefits that studies & research has suggested they help with.

Below is our summary of what bacterial strains are found in aguulp for biome probiotic, a shorter summary of what benefits have been found from different studies across the world and the references to those aforementioned studies.

aguulp for biome ingredients

Lactobacillus acidophilus LA85

Lactobacillus acidophilus is the main probiotic in the small intestine and is the most widely researched and proven strain of probiotic bacteria.

Benefits;

Supports Immune function- Lactobacillus acidophilus plays an important role in regulating intestinal immune activity, enhancing the immune response in the body. Furthermore, L acidophilus has also been shown to help reduce allergy symptoms.
Helps maintain the integrity of the intestinal lining – Lactobacillus acidophilus has been shown to promote intestinal mucosal repair, helping to improve gut barrier function and improve symptoms of leaky gut (reduces intestinal permeability).
Helps aid digestion and prevent diarrhoea- Lactobaccilus strains, including acidophilus, have been shown to be effective for the treatment of bacterial overgrowth–related chronic diarrhoea and anti-biotic associated diarrhoea.

References

Xue L, Li Z, Xue J, Wang H, Wu T, Liu R, Sui W, Zhang M. Lactobacillus acidophilus LA85 ameliorates cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression by modulating Notch and TLR4/NF-κB signal pathways and remodeling the gut microbiota. Food Funct. 2022 Aug 1;13(15):8107-8118. doi: 10.1039/d1fo04331e. PMID: 35793105.

De Simone C, Ciardi A, Grassi A, Lambert Gardini S, Tzantzoglou S, Trinchieri V, Moretti S, Jirillo E. Effect of Bifidobacterium bifidum and Lactobacillus acidophilus on gut mucosa and peripheral blood B lymphocytes. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 1992;14(1-2):331-40. doi: 10.3109/08923979209009228. PMID: 1597660.

Tegegne BA, Kebede B. Probiotics, their prophylactic and therapeutic applications in human health development: A review of the literature. Heliyon. 2022 Jun 22;8(6):e09725. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09725. PMID: 35785237; PMCID: PMC9240980.

Beausoleil M, Fortier N, Guénette S, L’ecuyer A, Savoie M, Franco M, Lachaine J, Weiss K. Effect of a fermented milk combining Lactobacillus acidophilus Cl1285 and Lactobacillus casei in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Can J Gastroenterol. 2007 Nov;21(11):732-6. doi: 10.1155/2007/720205. PMID: 18026577; PMCID: PMC2658588.

Gaon D, Garmendia C, Murrielo NO, de Cucco Games A, Cerchio A, Quintas R, González SN, Oliver G. Effect of Lactobacillus strains (L. casei and L. Acidophillus Strains cerela) on bacterial overgrowth-related chronic diarrhea. Medicina (B Aires). 2002;62(2):159-63. PMID: 12038039.

Lactobacillus reuteri LR08

Lactobacillus reuteri is officially known as Limosilactobacillus reuteri. This species of bacteria has been well studied and has been shown to be particularly helpful in women’s and children’s health. It has also been shown to be effective against diarrheoa in children, and H.plylori infection which is often associated with stomach ulcers.

Benefits;

Production of antimicrobial molecules – reuteri is renowned for its ability to produce an antimicrobial compound known as reuterin, which helps to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria, fungi and viruses within the gut.
Production of nutrients – The L.reuteri species of bacteria have been shown to be particularly useful in the production of important nutrients including folate and vitamin B12.
Oral Health– the antibiotic effects of L. reuteri have been shown in studies to also be helpful in promoting oral health, and specifically in fighting gum disease (also known as gingivitis).

References

Jones, S.E. & Versalovic, J., (2009), ‘Probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri biofilms produce antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory factors.’ BMC Microbiology, 9:35.

Lee Y. and Salminen S., (2009), Handbook of Probiotic and Prebiotics. 2nd edition, Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.

Morita H. et al., (2008), ‘Comparative Genome Analysis of Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus fermentum Reveal a Genomic Island for Reuterin and Cobalamin Producion’ DNA Research, 15:151-161.

Qinghui Mu, Vincent J. Tavella and Xin M. Luo*. (2018). Role of Lactobacillus reuteri in Human Health and Diseases. Front. Microbiol.,. 2 (1), 227-3.

Santos F. et al., (2008), ‘High-Level Folate Production in Fermented Foods by the B12 Producer Lactobacillus reuteri JCM1112’. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 74:10.

Talarico T.L. & Dobrogosz W.J., (1989), ‘Chemical characterization of an antimicrobial substance produced by Lactobacillus reuteri’. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 33(5):674-9.

Zheng J, Wittouck S. et al., (2020) ‘A taxonmonic note on the genus Lactobacillus: Description of 23 novel genera, emended description of the genus Lactobacillus Beijerinck 1901, and union of Lactobacillaceae and Leuconostocaceae’. Int.J.Syst.Evol.Microbiol, 70(4): 2782-2858. DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004107

Krasse P, Carlsson B, Dahl C, et al. Decreased gum bleeding and reduced gingivitis by the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri. Swedish Dental Journal. 2006 ;30(2):55-60. PMID: 16878680.

Lactobacillus casei LC89

The Lactobacillus casei species have been developed and studied by food and health scientists and are often used to ferment foods such as cheese and yoghurts due to its ability to adapt and survive and a wide range of temperatures and pH levels. Strains of this species are very well documented and are widely used in probiotic formulations due the reported health benefits, specifically in relation to immune health and digestive health.

Production of antimicrobial substances – Bacteriocins are antimicrobial and produced by many organisms including lactic acid bacteria. L. casei displays antimicrobial ability against gram-positive and gram-negative pathogenic and antibiotic-resistant bacteria, thus supporting the growth of beneficial microbes and maintaining gut homeostasis. (Ullah N. et al., 2017).
Enhances gut barrier function – L. casei has been shown to provide a protective effect against alterations and impairments of gut barrier function.
Reduces the adhesion of pathogens – L. casei helps to inhibit the growth and inhabitancy of harmful pathogens within the gut by competing for space and adhering to intestinal surfaces on the gut lining. This helps support the growth of beneficial microbes within the gut.
Modulation of the immune system – Strains of L. casei support the immune system by increasing the activity of important immune cells that fight against infections and disease, and by altering the composition of gut bacteria.

References

Gobbetti, F. Minervini, (2014). Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology (Second Edition). 2nd ed. USA: Academic Press. 432-438.

Y.-K. Lee and K.-Y. Puong. (2007). Competition for adhesion between probiotics and human gastrointestinal pathogens in the presence of carbohydrate. British Journal of Nutrition. 88 (1), S101–S108.

Lee Y. and Salminen S., (2009), Handbook of Probiotic and Prebiotics. 2nd edition, Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.

Holzapfel W.H. et al., (2001), ‘Taxonomy and important features of probiotic microorganisms in food and nutrition’. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 73:365S-373S.

Reale M, et al., (2011), ‘Daily Lactobacillus casei Shirota intake increases natural killer cell activity in smokers’. British Journal of Nutrition, 108(2):308-314.

Dong Soo Han, Gyomoon-Dong, Guri-Si, Gyeonggi-Do. (2010). Lactobacillus casei prevents impaired barrier function in intestinal epithelial cells. Journal of pathology, microbiology, and immunology. 4 (7), 471-701.

Niamat Ullah, Xuejiao Wanga, Jin Wua Yan Guo, Hanjing Gec, Tengyu Lia, Saleem Khan, Zhixi Li, Xianchao Feng . (2017). Purification and primary characterization of a novel bacteriocin, LiN333, from Lactobacillus casei, an isolate from a Chinese fermented food. LWT. 84 (5), 867-875.

Lactobacillus gasseri LG08

gasseri is one of the many lactobaccilus strains of bacteria living inside the human body, and is specifically found in the vaginal flora. Many clinical trials support the probiotic effect of L.gasseri strains of bacteria and studies have shown benefits in the following areas;

Weight loss– Strains of L. gasseri are believed to play a direct role in weight loss, attributed to improved blood sugar regulation and hormone sensitivity, which in turn can help to reduce body fat, according to studies.
IBS (D)- There is some research that suggest strains of L.gasseri may be beneficial for improving diarrheoa dominant IBS symptoms including abdominal pain, distension and disturbances to daily life.

*Please note research is limited for L.Gasseri in human studies

References

Kim J, Yun JM, Kim MK, Kwon O, Cho B. Lactobacillus gasseri BNR17 Supplementation Reduces the Visceral Fat Accumulation and Waist Circumference in Obese Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Med Food. 2018 May;21(5):454-461. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2017.3937. Epub 2018 Apr 24. PMID: 29688793.

Shin SP, Choi YM, Kim WH, Hong SP, Park JM, Kim J, Kwon O, Lee EH, Hahm KB. A double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial that breast milk derived-Lactobacillus gasseri BNR17 mitigated diarrhea-dominant irritable bowel syndrome. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2018 Mar;62(2):179-186. doi: 10.3164/jcbn.17-73. Epub 2018 Jan 11. PMID: 29610559; PMCID: PMC5874236.

Lactobacillus plantarum Lp90

Plantarum is able to product its own antibiotic which help to fight bad bacteria and it also is known for its ability to make the amino acid Lysine. Strains from this species are very versatile and as such are found and isolated from a range of different sources including saliva, the human intestine, dairy products, plant material, and silage. Strains from this species are also used to ferment different foods such as sauerkraut, pickles, and sourdough bread.

Benefits

Improving IBS-Studies have shown that strains of L .plantarum may be effective in relieving symptoms of IBS including abdominal pain and bloating.
Skin Health- Probiotics are believed to play a role in skin health. Although the mechanisms of action are not entirely understood, probiotics including strains of L.plantarum have been shown to be beneficial in improving symptoms of dermatitis (eczema) in children.
Heart Health- research has shown that L. plantarum may protect cardiovascular health in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome.

References

Ducrotté P, Sawant P, Jayanthi V. Clinical trial: Lactobacillus plantarum 299v (DSM 9843) improves symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18(30): 4012-4018

Barreto FM, Colado Simão AN, Morimoto HK, Batisti Lozovoy MA, Dichi I, Helena da Silva Miglioranza L. Beneficial effects of Lactobacillus plantarum on glycemia and homocysteine levels in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome. Nutrition. 2014;30(7-8):939-942. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2013.12.004

Han Y, Kim B, Ban J, Lee J, Kim BJ, Choi BS, Hwang S, Ahn K, Kim J. A randomized trial of Lactobacillus plantarum CJLP133 for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2012 Nov;23(7):667-73. doi: 10.1111/pai.12010. Epub 2012 Oct 11. PMID: 23050557.

Lactobacillus rhamnosus LRa05

Lactobacillus rhamnosus is a type of bacteria that produce the enzyme known as lactase. This enzyme breaks down the sugar found in dairy products (lactose) into lactic acid, a substance which helps to inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria in the gut. It is a widely researched strain and is reported to have a number of health benefits.

Benefits

May Prevent and Treat Diarrhoea-Studies show that L. rhamnosus may help prevent or treat various types of diarrhoea.
IBS relief– animal studies have found that L. rhamnosus strains may strengthen gut barrier function, which in turn may help relieve IBS symptoms.
Overall Gut Health– According to studies, L. rhamnosus can prevent the overgrowth of Candida albicans (a type of harmful yeast when allowed to proliferate) in the intestines. L. rhamnosus also encourages the growth of other beneficial bacteria. Furthermore, L. rhamnosus helps increase the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) which are thought to exert anti-inflammatory effects and act as a food source to other healthy bacteria, further encouraging a healthy microbiome.

References

Evans M, Salewski RP, Christman MC, Girard SA, Tompkins TA. Effectiveness of Lactobacillus helveticus and Lactobacillus rhamnosus for the management of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in healthy adults: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Br J Nutr. 2016 Jul;116(1):94-103. doi: 10.1017/S0007114516001665. Epub 2016 May 12. PMID: 27169634.

Ruszczyński M, Radzikowski A, Szajewska H. Clinical trial: effectiveness of Lactobacillus rhamnosus (strains E/N, Oxy and Pen) in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in children. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Jul;28(1):154-61. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03714.x. Epub 2008 Apr 13. PMID: 18410562.

Basu S, Paul DK, Ganguly S, Chatterjee M, Chandra PK. Efficacy of high-dose Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in controlling acute watery diarrhea in Indian children: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2009 Mar;43(3):208-13. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e31815a5780. PMID: 18813028.

Bae JM. Prophylactic efficacy of probiotics on travelers’ diarrhea: an adaptive meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Epidemiol Health. 2018;40:e2018043. doi: 10.4178/epih.e2018043. Epub 2018 Aug 29. PMID: 30189723; PMCID: PMC6232657.

Guarino A, Guandalini S, Lo Vecchio A. Probiotics for Prevention and Treatment of Diarrhea. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2015 Nov-Dec;49 Suppl 1:S37-45. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0000000000000349. PMID: 26447963.

Verdenelli MC, Ghelfi F, Silvi S, Orpianesi C, Cecchini C, Cresci A. Probiotic properties of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus paracasei isolated from human faeces. Eur J Nutr. 2009 Sep;48(6):355-63. doi: 10.1007/s00394-009-0021-2. Epub 2009 Apr 14. PMID: 19365593.

Joost Flach, M.B. van der Waal, A.F.M. Kardinaal, J. Schloesser, R.M.A.J. Ruijschop & E. Claassen | Fatih Yildiz (Reviewing Editor) (2018) Probiotic research priorities for the healthy adult population: A review on the health benefits of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium animalis subspecies lactis BB-12, Cogent Food & Agriculture, 4:1, DOI: 10.1080/23311932.2018.1452839

LeBlanc JG, Chain F, Martín R, Bermúdez-Humarán LG, Courau S, Langella P. Beneficial effects on host energy metabolism of short-chain fatty acids and vitamins produced by commensal and probiotic bacteria. Microb Cell Fact. 2017 May 8;16(1):79. doi: 10.1186/s12934-017-0691-z. PMID: 28482838; PMCID: PMC5423028.

Grin PM, Kowalewska PM, Alhazzan W, Fox-Robichaud AE. Lactobacillus for preventing recurrent urinary tract infections in women: meta-analysis. Can J Urol. 2013 Feb;20(1):6607-14. PMID: 23433130.

Bifidobacterium lactis BLa80

Bifidobacterium lactis is also known as Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. B animalis/Lactis can be found in the large intestines of most mammals, including humans. The role of this particular species of bacteria is to break down body waste and aid in the absorption of various vitamins & minerals.

Benefits

Improves cholesterol- lactic acid bacteria such as Bifidobacterium has shown the potential to reduce serum cholesterol levels, according to studies. Probiotics are believed to help remove cholesterol due to a number of mechanisms including their role in the assimilation and binding of cholesterol in the body and the production of short chain fatty acids.
Enhances immunity-dietary consumption of B lactis has been shown to enhance natural immunity in human studies. B lactis plays a role in regulating immune system activity toward harmful bacteria and pathogens in human studies.
Improves digestive conditions- research shows that strains of B. lactis can contribute to the relief of many gut related disorders. B lactis helps to maintain intestinal barrier function. It has also been shown to be beneficial for reducing incidents of diarrhoea and improvements in bowel frequency in constipation.

References

Arunachalam K, Gill HS, Chandra RK. Enhancement of natural immune function by dietary consumption of Bifidobacterium lactis (HN019). Eur J Clin Nutr. 2000 Mar;54(3):263-7. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600938. PMID: 10713750.

Chiang BL, Sheih YH, Wang LH, Liao CK, Gill HS. Enhancing immunity by dietary consumption of a probiotic lactic acid bacterium (Bifidobacterium lactis HN019): optimization and definition of cellular immune responses. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2000 Nov;54(11):849-55. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601093. PMID: 11114680.

Fernández-Calderón MC, Sánchez-Moro MDH, Rincón EO. In vitro Cholesterol Assimilation by Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (BPL1) Probiotic Bacteria Under Intestinal Conditions. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2022;22(4):433-439. doi: 10.2174/1871530321666210908124848. PMID: 34496737.

Marras L, Caputo M, Bisicchia S, Soato M, Bertolino G, Vaccaro S, Inturri R. The Role of Bifidobacteria in Predictive and Preventive Medicine: A Focus on Eczema and Hypercholesterolemia. Microorganisms. 2021 Apr 14;9(4):836. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9040836. PMID: 33919907; PMCID: PMC8070932.

Kumar M, Nagpal R, Kumar R, Hemalatha R, Verma V, Kumar A, Chakraborty C, Singh B, Marotta F, Jain S, Yadav H. Cholesterol-lowering probiotics as potential biotherapeutics for metabolic diseases. Exp Diabetes Res. 2012;2012:902917. doi: 10.1155/2012/902917. Epub 2012 May 3. Erratum in: J Diabetes Res. 2022 Apr 1;2022:3952529. PMID: 22611376; PMCID: PMC3352670.

Cheng J, Laitila A, Ouwehand AC. Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019 Effects on Gut Health: A Review. Front Nutr. 2021 Dec 14;8:790561. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2021.790561. PMID: 34970580; PMCID: PMC8712437.

Bifidobacterium longum BL21 5B

B longum has been extensively studied and is believed to offer a number of health benefits. It mostly lives in the colon (large intestines). B. longum is often added to food products as a probiotic with various health benefits, mainly in relation to gut health.

Benefits

Irritable Bowel Disease-according to initial animal studies, B longum has shown potential for being effective for relieving and treating the symptoms of inflammatory bowel diseases, such as colitis.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome- research suggests that strains of longum may reduce gastro intestinal symptom severity and improve the psychological well-being of individuals with certain IBS subtypes.
General gut Health- strains of B longum have been shown to help eliminate toxic producing bacterial strains (known as ETBF) which are strongly associated with inflammation and diarrhoea.

References

Yao S, Zhao Z, Wang W, Liu X. Bifidobacterium Longum: Protection against Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Immunol Res. 2021 Jul 23;2021:8030297. doi: 10.1155/2021/8030297. PMID: 34337079; PMCID: PMC8324359.

Lewis ED, Antony JM, Crowley DC, Piano A, Bhardwaj R, Tompkins TA, Evans M. Efficacy of Lactobacillus paracasei HA-196 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175 in Alleviating Symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study. Nutrients. 2020 Apr 21;12(4):1159. doi: 10.3390/nu12041159. PMID: 32326347; PMCID: PMC7230591.

Odamaki T, Sugahara H, Yonezawa S, Yaeshima T, Iwatsuki K, Tanabe S, Tominaga T, Togashi H, Benno Y, Xiao JZ. Effect of the oral intake of yogurt containing Bifidobacterium longum BB536 on the cell numbers of enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis in microbiota. Anaerobe. 2012 Feb;18(1):14-8. doi: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2011.11.004. Epub 2011 Nov 26. PMID: 22138361.

Bifidobacterium bifidum BBi32

Bifidum is the most common probiotic bacteria found in the human body. The probiotic is present in high amounts in the colon, the lower small intestine and in breast milk.

Benefits

Helps fight candida overgrowth- Bifidum is known to directly compete with candida and other types of yeast in our bodies, this is helpful in reducing proliferation of candida in the body. According to research, candida infections are commonly associated with low concentrations of B. Bifidum.
Immune support- bifidum has been shown to help regulate immunological and inflammatory responses in the human body.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome- Strains of Bifidobacterium bifidum has been shown to effectively alleviate symptoms of IBS, including quality of life.

References

Liviana Ricci and others, Human gut bifidobacteria inhibit the growth of the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans, FEMS Microbiology Ecology, Volume 98, Issue 10, October 2022, fiac095, https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiac095

Guglielmetti S, Mora D, Gschwender M, Popp K. Randomised clinical trial: Bifidobacterium bifidum MIMBb75 significantly alleviates irritable bowel syndrome and improves quality of life–a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011 May;33(10):1123-32. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04633.x. Epub 2011 Mar 21. PMID: 21418261.

Streptococcus thermophilus ST81

Streptococcus Thermophilus is a powerful probiotic strain that has well researched health benefits. This probiotic is often found in the colon and is associated with many researched health benefits. S. thermophilus is used for culturing many dairy products including cheese and yogurt. This probiotic strain also produces lactase- the enzyme that helps break down sugar in dairy products.

Benefits

Immunity- thermophilus regulates the immune response and inflammation, according to studies.
Lactose Intolerance- thermophilus improves lactose digestion in the gastrointestinal tract and reduces the symptoms of lactose intolerance, according to a study on mice.
Antimicrobial activity– S. thermophilus is thought to exert anti-microbial activity against harmful bacteria, inhibiting the growth of these undesirable bacteria in the gut.
Oral Health– In test tube studies, S. thermophilus inhibited the growth of bacteria and emission of compounds that are associated with gingivitis and contribute to bad breath.

References

Iyer, R., Tomar, S.K., Maheswari, T.U. and Singh, R., 2010. Streptococcus thermophilus strains: Multifunctional lactic acid bacteria. International Dairy Journal, 20(3), pp.133-141.

Streptococcus thermophilus: from yogurt starter to new promising probiotic candidate? J Fun Foods 2017 Oct;37:74-89.

EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA), 2010. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to live yoghurt cultures and improved lactose digestion (ID 1143, 2976) pursuant to Article 13 (1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal, 8(10), p.1763.

Iyer R., Tomar S.K., Kapila S., Mani J., Singh R. Probiotic Properties of Folate Producing Streptococcus thermophilus Strains. Food Res. Int. 2010;43:103–110. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2009.09.011

Ogita T, Tanii Y, Morita H, Suzuki T, Tanabe S. Suppression of Th17 response by Streptococcus thermophilus ST28 through induction of IFN-γ. Int J Mol Med. 2011 Nov;28(5):817-22. doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2011.755. Epub 2011 Jul 20. PMID: 21887477.

Lee SH, Baek DH. Effects of Streptococcus thermophilus on volatile sulfur compounds produced by Porphyromonas gingivalis. Arch Oral Biol. 2014 Nov;59(11):1205-10. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.07.006. Epub 2014 Jul 24. PMID: 25105253.

Corrêa NB, Péret Filho LA, Penna FJ, Lima FM, Nicoli JR. A randomized formula controlled trial of Bifidobacterium lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus for prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in infants. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2005 May-Jun;39(5):385-9.

Di Marzio L, Centi C, Cinque B, Masci S, Giuliani M, Arcieri A, Zicari L, De Simone C, Cifone MG. Effect of the lactic acid bacterium Streptococcus thermophilus on stratum corneum ceramide levels and signs and symptoms of atopic dermatitis patients. Exp Dermatol. 2003 Oct;12(5):615-20.

Jain PK, McNaught CE, Anderson AD, MacFie J, Mitchell CJ. Influence of synbiotic containing Lactobacillus acidophilus La5, Bifidobacterium lactis Bb 12, Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus and oligofructose on gut barrier function and sepsis in critically ill patients: a randomised controlled trial. Clin Nutr. 2004 Aug;23(4):467-75.

Mater DD, Bretigny L, Firmesse O, Flores MJ, Mogenet A, Bresson JL, Corthier G. Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus survive gastrointestinal transit of healthy volunteers consuming yogurt. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2005 Sep 15;250(2):185-7.

Nopchinda S, Varavithya W, Phuapradit P, Sangchai R, Suthutvoravut U, Chantraruksa V, Haschke F. Effect of bifidobacterium Bb12 with or without Streptococcus thermophilus supplemented formula on nutritional status. J Med Assoc Thai. 2002 Nov;85 Suppl 4:S1225-31.

Saavedra JM, Bauman NA, Oung I, Perman JA, Yolken RH. Feeding of Bifidobacterium bifidum and Streptococcus thermophilus to infants in hospital for prevention of diarrhoea and shedding of rotavirus. Lancet. 1994 Oct 15;344(8929):1046-9.

Thibault H, Aubert-Jacquin C, Goulet O. Effects of long-term consumption of a fermented infant formula (with Bifidobacterium breve c50 and Streptococcus thermophilus 065) on acute diarrhea in healthy infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2004 Aug;39(2):147-52.